Birds

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American Robin (Turdus migratorius)

Citation:

Reproduction of American robin (Turdus migratorius) in a suburban environment.

Author(s)
Morneau, F., Lépine, C., Décarie, R., Villard, M.A. and DesGranges, J.L.
Issue
1
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size Review Eggs/nest B Embryo See citation Table 1 Several states Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Clutch or Litter Size Clutch 1: 3.8; clutch 2: 3.3 Eggs/nest B Embryo Clutch 1: 18; clutch 2: 16 Montreal Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Clutches or Litters per year 2 B Embryo Montreal Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Notes on reproductive activities of robins in Iowa and Illinois.

Author(s)
Klimstra, W.D. and Stieglitz, W.O.
Issue
4
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.17 Eggs per nest Eggs/nest Embryo 29 clutches Carbondale area Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Clutch or Litter Size 3.44 Eggs per nest Eggs/nest Embryo 81 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Time of Nesting Carbondale area Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Time of Nesting Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Hatching Success 1946: 48.6; 1947: 51.0; 1948: 42.0 % Embryo 31 nests Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Hatching Success Review % Embryo Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Hatching Success Review % Embryo Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Offspring size as an index of habitat degradation.

Author(s)
Warkentin, I.G., Reed, J.M. and Dunham, S.M.
Issue
2
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries Error
Hatching Success San Juan: 8; Stewart: 3; Clear: 5 Nests with no losses after d 8 Nests Embryo Not reported Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Population Density San Juan: 0.10; Stewart: 0.06; Clear: 0.07 per 100 net-hours/km2 NR Adult Not reported Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Clutches or Litters per year 2 to 3 Clutch/y Not reported Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Time of Nesting San Juan: May 22; Stewart: May 27; Clear: June 5 NR Adult Not reported Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA San Juan: 2 d; Stewart: 4 d; Clear: 4 d
Clutch or Litter Size Initial: 3.8; 8 d: 2.5; 8 d successful only: 3.2 Eggs/nest Embryo Not reported San Juan canyon; Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA Initial: 0.2; 8 d: 0.3; 8 d successful only: 0.2
Clutch or Litter Size Initial: 3.5; 8 d: 1.9; 8 d successful only: 3.0 Eggs/nest Embryo Not reported Stewart canyon; Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA Initial: 0.1; 8 d: 0.3; 8 d successful only: 0.2
Clutch or Litter Size Initial: 3.6; 8 d: 1.7; 8 d successful only: 3.3 Eggs/nest Embryo Not reported Clear canyon; Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA Initial: 0.1; 8 d: 0.4; 8 d successful only: 0.2
Body Weight - Mean San Juan: 6.6; Stewart: 6.9; Clear: 7.2 Mean egg mass g Embryo Not reported Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA San Juan: 0.1; Stewart: 0.2; Clear: 0.1
Hatching Success San Juan: 21; Stewart: 18; Clear: 9 Nests with at least 1 yound d 8 Nests Embryo Not reported Toiyabe Mountains in Lander and Nye Counties Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Citation:

Occurrence and nest survival of four thrush species on a managed central Appalachian forest.

Author(s)
Dellinger, R.L., Wood, P.B. and Keyser, P.D.
Issue
2
Volume
243
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Survival/ Mortality Even-aged harvest: 100; mature forest: 53.6; mature deciduous: 23.6; mature mixed: 60.1; partial harvest: 0; deciduous partial: 0; mixed partial: 0 Nest survival rate % B Nestling Even-aged harvest: 3; mature forest: 8; mature deciduous: 2; mature mixed: 6; partial harvest: 5; deciduous partial: 1; mixed partial: 4 MeadWestvaco Wildlife and Ecosystem Research Forest and the Panther Run Tract, Randolph County Exposure Factor Datasets USA Even-aged harvest: 0; mature forest: 1.5; mature deciduous: 0.6; mature mixed: 0.1
Citation:

Incubation temperature impacts nestling growth and survival in an open‐cup nesting passerine.

Author(s)
Ospina, E.A., Merrill, L. and Benson, T.J.
Issue
6
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success Non-manipulated nests: 85.2; 35C incubator: 0; 36.1C: 89.2; 37.8C: 90.2 % B Embryo Non-manipulated nests: 226; 35C incubator: 11; 36.1C: 65; 37.8C: 61 eggs Urbana; mixed coniferous tree farm Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Time of Hatching or Parturition Non-manipulated nests: 11.95; 36.1C: 11.50; 37.8C: 10.22 Length of incubation d B Embryo Non-manipulated nests: 226; 35C incubator: 11; 36.1C: 65; 37.8C: 61 eggs Urbana; mixed coniferous tree farm Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body Weight - Mean See Figure 5 Mean mass day 7 g B Nestling See citation Figure 5 Urbana; mixed coniferous tree farm Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body length See Figure 5 Wing chord, tarsus length mm B Nestling See citation Figure 5 Urbana; mixed coniferous tree farm Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Invasive fruits, novel foods, and choice: an investigation of European starling and American robin frugivory.

Author(s)
Lafleur, N.E., Rubega, M.A. and Elphick, C.S.
Issue
3
Volume
119
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See Figure 1 Mean fruits eaten in trial B Not Reported 2 males, 4 females University of Connecticut’s Avian Research Facility in Storrs Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Metabolizable energy in Chinese tallow fruit for yellow-rumped warblers, northern cardinals, and American robins.

Author(s)
Baldwin, M.J., Barrow Jr, W.C., Jeske, C. and Rohwer, F.C.
Issue
3
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Food Ingestion Rate 0.13 g dry/g^0.75/day NR Not Reported 5 Lafayette Exposure Factor Datasets USA 0.03
Citation:

Nest predators, but not nest survival, differ between adjacent urban habitats.

Author(s)
Malpass, J.S., Rodewald, A.D., Matthews, S.N. and Kearns, L.J.
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Survival/ Mortality See Figure 1 Daily nest survival rate 741 nests Columbus Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Citation:

Does low daily energy expenditure drive low metabolic capacity in the tropical robin, Turdus grayi?.

Author(s)
Wagner, D.N., Mineo, P.M., Sgueo, C., Wikelski, M. and Schaeffer, P.J.
Issue
6
Volume
183
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries Error
Metabolic Rate 7.8 Daily energey expenditure LO2/d NR Not Reported Not reported Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA 0.55
Metabolic Rate 104.4 Mass specific daily energy expenditure LO2/kg/d NR Not Reported Not reported Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA 6.7
Metabolic Rate 10.3 Summit metabolism mLO2/min NR Not Reported Not reported Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA 0.88
Metabolic Rate 145.2 Mass specific summit metabolism mLO2/kg/min NR Not Reported Not reported Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA 11.9
Body Weight - Mean 70.5 g NR Not Reported Not reported Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA 1.6
Citation:

Effects of insecticide use on breeding birds in Christmas tree plantations in Quebec.

Author(s)
Rondeau, G. and Desgranges, J.L.
Issue
5
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality 14 Egg mortalilty % B Embryo 15 nests Sherbrooke, Quebec Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Energetics and metabolite profiles during early flight in American robins (Turdus migratorius).

Author(s)
Gerson, A.R. and Guglielmo, C.G.
Issue
7
Volume
183
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Condition Countries
Body Fat (total or %) See citation Figure 1 Reduction in total mass as function of flight duration g lost/min flight B Adult Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets Light-induced mitratory disposition CANADA
Body Weight - Mean See citation Figure 1 Reduction in fat mass as function of flight duration g lost/min flight B Adult Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets Light-induced mitratory disposition CANADA
Body Weight - Mean See citation Figure 1 Reduction in lean mass as function of flight duration g lost/min flight B Adult Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets Light-induced mitratory disposition CANADA
Citation:

Disparity between adult and juvenile American Robins Turdus migratorius foraging for ground invertebrates and cherry fruits.

Author(s)
Vanderhoff, E.N. and Eason, P.K.
Issue
12
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Food Ingestion Rate See Figure 1 Insect ingestion Invertebrates/min B Both Adults and Juveniles Adult: 204, juvenile: 224 Louisville Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Food Ingestion Rate See Figure 3 Cherry ingestion Fruits/min B Both Adults and Juveniles Adult: 204, juvenile: 224 Louisville Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Do seeds hinder digestive processing of fruit pulp? Implications for plant/frugivore mutualisms.

Author(s)
Witmer, M.C.
Issue
2
Volume
115
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Food Ingestion Rate See Figure 1 Wet matter intake (seeds vs. pulp) mg/g/d NR Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Food Ingestion Rate See Figure 2 Dry matter intake (seeds vs. pulp) mg/g/d NR Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body Weight - Mean 72 g NR Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets USA 6.6
Citation:

Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland.

Author(s)
Sedgwick, J.A. and Knopf, F.L.
Issue
1
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries Error
Population Density Grazed: 1982: 26.6; 1984: 37.6; 1985: 39.6; ungrazed: 1982: 25.4; 1984: 27.5; 1985: 48.6 Mean abundance Birds/100 ha B Both Adults and Juveniles South Platte Wildlife Management Area Exposure Factor Datasets USA Grazed: 1982: 6.21; 1984: 4.58; 1985: 7.89; ungrazed: 1982: 4.14; 1984: 3.30; 1985: 2.55
Citation:

Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years.

Author(s)
Hobson, K.A. and Schieck, J.
Issue
3
Volume
9
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density See Figure 3 Birds/ha Birds/ha B See citation Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)

Citation:

Anthropogenic debris in the diet of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) in a remote and low-populated South Atlantic island.

Author(s)
Augé, A.A.
Issue
4
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Dietary Composition Vegetation: 18.0, feathers: 18.6, anthropogenic debris: 16.3, sheep wool: 29.2, bones: 2.3, volume not estimated: cephalopod beaks, small rocks, crustacean shells, fur Dietary component category % of volume NR Not Reported 100 Stanley, Falkland Islands Exposure Factor Datasets Vegetation: 22.0, feathers: 30.0, anthropogenic debris: 21.7, sheep wool: 32.7, bones: 5.4
Citation:

Winter ranges of migratory Turkey Vultures in Venezuela.

Author(s)
Hedlin, E.M., Houston, C.S., McLoughlin, P.D., Bechard, M.J., Stoffel, M.J., Barber, D.R. and Bildstein, K.L.
Issue
2
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 16814 95% kernel Square km B Adult 4 Breed in Saskatchewan, Canada; overwinter in Venezuela Exposure Factor Datasets 28606
9645 95% MCP Square km B Adult 4 Breed in Saskatchewan, Canada; overwinter in Venezuela Exposure Factor Datasets 17356
Time of Migration or Dispersal See citation Table 1 Arrival at first roost (Canada to Venezuela) Date B Adult 4 Breed in Saskatchewan, Canada; overwinter in Venezuela Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal See citation Table 1 Departure from final roost (Venzuela to Canada) Date B Adult 4 Breed in Saskatchewan, Canada; overwinter in Venezuela Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Liver Lead Concentrations in Raptors in New Jersey, USA, 2008—2010.

Author(s)
Stansley, W. and Murphy, L.A.
Issue
2
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Dog hairs: 26, sea lion hairs: 5, feathers: 32, plant material: 30, plastics: 81, other human materials: 16 % occurrence B Both Adults and Juveniles 96 Atacama Desert Exposure Factor Datasets CHILE
Dietary Composition Dog hairs: 10, feathers: 4, plant material: 31, plastics: 83, other human materials: 20 % occurrence B Both Adults and Juveniles 102 Atacama Desert Exposure Factor Datasets CHILE
Dietary Composition Dog hairs: 18, sea lion hairs: 3, feathers: 18, plant material: 31, plastics: 82, other human materials: 18 % occurrence B Both Adults and Juveniles 198 Atacama Desert Exposure Factor Datasets CHILE
Citation:

Food finding and the influence of information, local enhancement, and communal roosting on foraging success of North American vultures.

Author(s)
Buckley, N.J.
Issue
2
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Table 1 Observed consumption Item identification Not Reported Not reported Sinton, San Patricio County Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Raptor and large soaring bird migration across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico: distribution, seasonality, and phenology.

Author(s)
Cabrera-Cruz, S.A., Cervantes-Pasqualli, J.A., INZUNZA, E.R., Hernandez-Morales, T. and Villegas-Patraca, R.
Issue
1
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal March-May (peak: late April) Spring migration Not Reported See citation Southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
September-November (peak: late October) Autumn migration Not Reported See citation Southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Overlap in the diets of diurnal raptors breeding at the Michilia Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico.

Author(s)
Hiraldo, F., Delibes, M., Bustamante, J. and Estrella, R.R.
Issue
2
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Dietary Composition Fruits: <1, invertebrates: <1, reptiles: 12, birds: 2, mammals: 29, carrion: 58 % biomass Adult Not reported Biosphere Reserve of La Michilia, Durango Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding MEXICO
Citation:

Fine-scale assessment of home ranges and activity patterns for resident black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura).

Author(s)
Holland, A.E., Byrne, M.E., Bryan, A.L., DeVault, T.L., Rhodes, O.E. and Beasley, J.C.
Issue
7
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range 61.5 Brownian bridge movement model Square km Adult 14 Savannah River Site Exposure Factor Datasets USA 4.3
Citation:

Cadmium and Lead content in Liver and Kidney tissues of Wild Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura (Linneo, 1758) from Chañaral, Atacama desert, Chile.

Author(s)
Valladares, F., Alvarado, S., Urra, R., Abarca, J., Inostroza, J., Codoceo, J. and Ruz, M.
Issue
2
Volume
77
Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
g NR Not Reported 14 Chanaral, Atacama region Exposure Factor Datasets CHILE
Citation:

Food habits of black and turkey vultures in Pennsylvania and Maryland.

Author(s)
Coleman, J.S. and Fraser, J.D.
Issue
4
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Cattle: 18, swine: 24, poultry: 8, sheep: 6, kitchen scraps: 2, groundhog: 16, deer: 4, skunk: 6, raccoon: 2, insect larva: 6, rabbit: 2, rodents: 2, turtle: 2, fish: 2; domestic: 58, wild: 42 Percent of feedings on various items % of feedings NR Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Breeding home ranges of migratory Turkey Vultures near their northern limit.

Author(s)
Houston, C.S., McLoughlin, P.D., Mandel, J.T., Bechard, M.J., Stoffel, M.J., Barber, D.R. and Bildstein, K.L.
Issue
3
Volume
123
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries Error
Home Range 371 95% MCP Square km Adult 6 Saskatchewan Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding CANADA 340
Home Range 648 95% kernel Square km Adult 6 Saskatchewan Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding CANADA 731
Citation:

Habitat use and home ranges of black and turkey vultures.

Author(s)
Coleman, J.S. and Fraser, J.D.
Issue
3
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range Summer: 27050, winter: 12773, year: 37072, breeding: 6942, unknown status: 67202 ha NR Not Reported Summer: 11, winter: 4, year: 4, breeding: 2, unknown status: 2 Exposure Factor Datasets USA Summer: 18567, winter: 3814 year: 27625, breeding: 1274, unknown status: 52551
Citation:

Home ranges of sympatric black and turkey vultures in South Carolina.

Author(s)
DeVault, T.L., Reinhart, B.D., Brisbin Jr, I.L. and Rhodes Jr, O.E.
Issue
3
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range 4159 50% kernel ha NR Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Savanah River Exposure Factor Datasets USA 1396
Home Range 34053 95% kernel ha NR Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Savanah River Exposure Factor Datasets USA 8567
Home Range 71549 95% JT ha NR Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Savanah River Exposure Factor Datasets USA 7861
Body Weight - Mean 2 kg NR Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Savanah River Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Diet of black and turkey vultures in a forested landscape.

Author(s)
Kelly, N.E., Sparks, D.W., DeVault, T.L. and Rhodes Jr, O.E.
Issue
2
Volume
119
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Insecta: 2, reptilia: 2, aves: 34, mammalia: 98, plantae: 85, non-biological material: 11 Black (70%) and turkey (30%) vultures % frequency Both Adults and Juveniles 65 Savannah River Site Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Dietary Composition Reptilia: trace, aves: 4, mammalia: 96 Black (70%) and turkey (30%) vultures % frequency Both Adults and Juveniles 65 Savannah River Site Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Predatory bird populations in the east Mojave Desert, California.

Author(s)
Knight, R.L., Camp, R.J., Boarman, W.I. and Knight, H.A.
Issue
4
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Population Density Rangeland: 0.4, irrigated ag: 7.8, urban: 3.6 Mean number per 100 km No. birds Both Adults and Juveniles 115⁰45'E, 34⁰33'N Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA Rangeland: 0.6, irrigated ag: 37.3, urban: 14.3
Citation:

Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in blood of black and turkey vultures from Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA.

Author(s)
Kumar, K.S., Bowerman, W.W., DeVault, T.L., Takasuga, T., Rhodes Jr, O.E., Brisbin Jr, I.L. and Masunaga, S.
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean kg Both Adults and Juveniles 5 Savannah River Site Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body Fat (total or %) % Both Adults and Juveniles 5 Savannah River Site Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Environmental drivers of variability in the movement ecology of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) in North and South America.

Author(s)
Dodge, S., Bohrer, G., Bildstein, K., Davidson, S.C., Weinzierl, R., Bechard, M.J., Barber, D., Kays, R., Brandes, D., Han, J. and Wikelski, M.
Issue
1643
Volume
369
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type
Home Range See citation Figure 5 Area versus air temperature Square mk NR Both Adults and Juveniles North and South America Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Brownian Bridge Movement Models to Characterize Birds' Home Ranges

Author(s)
Fischer, J.W., Walter, W.D. and Avery, M.L.
Issue
2
Volume
115
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Home Range See citation Figure 3 Estimates from Brownian bridge movement models (BBMM) and kernel density estimates
(KDE) for 50% and 95% utilization distributions 		Square km NR Both Adults and Juveniles 7 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Use of a communal roost by Turkey Vultures in northeastern Iowa.

Author(s)
McVey, K.J., Skrade, P.D. and Sordahl, T.A.
Issue
2
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Time of Migration or Dispersal 43181 Mean spring arrival date B Both Adults and Juveniles 28 Decorah Iowa Exposure Factor Datasets USA 13 days
Time of Migration or Dispersal 43394 Mean autmn departure date B Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Decorah Iowa Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Sexual monomorphism in wing loading and wing aspect ratio in Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) and Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura).

Author(s)
Graves, G.R.
Issue
1
Volume
130
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 2.22 kg F Adult 15 Nashville Exposure Factor Datasets Overwintering USA 0.14
2.06 kg M Adult 8 Nashville Exposure Factor Datasets Overwintering USA 0.16
Citation:

Sublethal landrin toxicity: behavioral and physiological effects on captive vultures.

Author(s)
Quick, F. and Hill, E.F.
Issue
2
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Body Weight - Mean kg NR Adult 2 Pettigrew Science Center, Griffith Park Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles USA
Citation:

Apparent tolerance of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac.

Author(s)
Rattner, B.A., Whitehead, M.A., Gasper, G., Meteyer, C.U., Link, W.A., Taggart, M.A., Meharg, A.A., Pattee, O.H. and Pain, D.J.
Issue
11
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Dietary Composition Vegetation: 18.0, feathers: 18.6, anthropogenic debris: 16.3, sheep wool: 29.2, bones: 2.3, volume not estimated: cephalopod beaks, small rocks, crustacean shells, fur Dietary component category % of volume NR Not Reported 101 Stanley, Falkland Islands Exposure Factor Datasets Vegetation: 22.0, feathers: 30.0, anthropogenic debris: 21.7, sheep wool: 32.7, bones: 5.5
Citation:

Turkey vulture breeding behavior studied with trail cameras. 

Author(s)
Rollack, C.E., Wiebe, K., Stoffel, M.J. and Houston, C.S.
Issue
2
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Time of Nesting 2009: April 20-May 31, 2010: Aprl 19-May 12, 2011: April 21-May 24 Pre-incubation B Adult 5 nests Saskatchewan Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding CANADA

Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)

Citation:

Resource use by herons in a Yucatan wetland during the breeding season.

Author(s)
Ramo, C. and Busto, B.
Issue
4
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Astyanax fasciatus: 19, Rhamdia guatemalensis: 7, Cyprindon variegatus: 9, Garmanella pulchra: 4, Gambusia yucatana: 6, Poecilia orri: 27, Xiphophorus maculatus: <1, Cichlasoma friedrichsthali: 3, Cichlasoma urophthalmus: 1, Cichlasoma meeki: 4, Cichlasoma octofasciatum: <1, Cichlasoma salvini: 4, Petenia splendida: 15, Decapoda (prawns): <1 Percent biomass % biomass B Nestling 6 Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Yucatan Peninsula Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Widespread cannibalism by fledglings in a nesting colony of Black-crowned Night-herons.

Author(s)
Riehl, C.
Issue
1
Volume
118
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Population Density 10 Breeding pairs on island Pairs B Adult 10 Oschner Island, Audobon Park, New Orleans Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Citation:

Colony turnover, nest success and productivity, and causes of nest failure among wading birds (Ciconiiformes) at Lake Okeechobee, Florida (1989-1992).

Author(s)
Smith, J.P. and Collopy, M.W.
Volume
45
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Nesting March 10-22 B Adult See citation Lake Okeechobee Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density See citation Table 2 Number of nests See citation Lake Okeechobee Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Hatching Success 1989: 83, 1990: 100, 1991: 80, 1992: 61 % Nest success % success B Adult See citation Lake Okeechobee Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Clutch or Litter Size 1989: 3.5, 1990 & 1991: 3.3, 1992: 3.4 Eggs per nest Eggs/nest B Embryo See citation Lake Okeechobee Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Nesting season food habits of 4 species of herons and egrets at Lake Okeechobee, Florida.

Author(s)
Smith, J.P.
Issue
2
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 4 Percent biomass B Nestling See citation Table 1 Lake Okeechobee Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Scale-dependent habitat selection of nesting Great Egrets and Snowy Egrets.

Author(s)
Stolen, E.D., Collazo, J.A. and Percival, H.F.
Issue
3
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Foraging Distance 6.2 Mean flight distance km NR Not Reported 28 North Indian River Lagoon Exposure Factor Datasets USA 0.46
Citation:

The feeding ecology and behavior of five species of herons in southeastern New Jersey.

Author(s)
Willard, D.E.
Issue
4
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Prey size NR Both Adults and Juveniles Not reported Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

The effects of prey availability on the numerical response of wading birds.

Author(s)
Gawlik, D.E.
Issue
3
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation Figure 4 Birds/2.4 ha Birds/2.4 ha B Both Adults and Juveniles See citation Constructed wetlands, Palm Beach Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Rainfall effects on heron and egret nest abundance in the San Francisco Bay area.

Author(s)
Kelly, J.P. and Condeso, T.E.
Issue
5
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Population Density 304 [258.2-358.8 (95%CI)] Nest abundance Not reported San Francisco bay area Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Citation:

Regional patterns of wading bird productivity in northeastern US estuaries.

Author(s)
Parsons, K.C., Schmidt, S.R. and Matz, A.C.
Issue
3
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Hatching Success Delaware Bay: 79.3, New York Harbor: 85.0, Cape Cod: 84.6, Boston Harbor: 88.1 Percent of successful nests Percent successful nests B Embryo Delaware Bay: 144, New York Harbor: 290, Cape Cod: 123, Boston Harbor: 54 Various location in Atlantic North East Exposure Factor Datasets USA Delaware Bay: 22.9, New York Harbor: 20.9, Cape Cod: 20.0, Boston Harbor: 17.9
Citation:

Long-term trends in population and community measures of colonial-nesting waterbirds in Galveston Bay Estuary.

Author(s)
Gawlik, D.E., Slack, R.D., Thomas, J.A. and Harpole, D.N.
Issue
2
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Population Density 1008 Annual abundance Both Adults and Juveniles See citation Galveston Bay Estuary Exposure Factor Datasets USA 581
Citation:

Linking wading bird prey selection to number of nests.

Author(s)
Klassen, J.A., Gawlik, D.E. and Frederick, P.C.
Issue
8
Volume
80
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Table 1 Percent biomass % Nestling 113 Everglades Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Reproductive success of wading birds usingPhragmites marsh and upland nesting habitats.

Author(s)
Parsons, K.C.
Issue
2
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation Figure 2 Number of nests No. nests Embryo See citation Pea Patch Island Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Time of Hatching or Parturition See citation Figure 3 Julian date of hatching Julian date Embryo See citation Pea Patch Island Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Survival/ Mortality See citation Figure 4 Embryo See citation Pea Patch Island Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Reproductive parameters for nine avian species at Moore Creek, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.

Author(s)
Girard, G.T.
Volume
219
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3 Eggs/nest Embryo 60 Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Brevard County Exposure Factor Datasets USA 0.56
Clutch or Litter Size 3.1 Eggs/nest Embryo 49 Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Brevard County Exposure Factor Datasets USA 0.52
Citation:

Wading bird foraging: response and recovery from an oil spill.

Author(s)
MacCarone, A.D. and Brzorad, J.N.
Issue
2
Volume
23
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Population Density 1989: 90, 1998: 87, 1999: 94 Active nests before/after oil spill in 1990 No. of active nests B Adult See citation Isle of Meadows in Arthur Kill Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Citation:

Foraging patterns of breeding egrets at coastal and interior locations.

Author(s)
Maccarone, A.D. and Brzorad, J.N.
Issue
1
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 2 % of total NR Not Reported 75 New York City area Exposure Factor Datasets USA
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